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                <h4 id="修改models-py"><a href="#修改models-py" class="headerlink" title="修改models.py"></a>修改models.py</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.db import models
 
class Person(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    age = models.IntegerField()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>同步数据库</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>添加数据</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from app01.models import Person
Person.objects.create(name="WeizhongTu", age=24)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>查找数据</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.get(name="WeizhongTu")
# 只能查找某条数据，如果有多条则会报错<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="新建对象的方法"><a href="#新建对象的方法" class="headerlink" title="新建对象的方法"></a>新建对象的方法</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.create(name=name,age=age)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">p = Person(name="WZ", age=23)

p.save()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">p = Person(name="TWZ")

p.age = 23

p.save()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.get_or_create(name="WZT", age=23)
#这种方法是防止重复很好的方法，但是速度要相对慢些，返回一个元组，第一个为Person对象，第二个为True或False, 新建时返回的是True, 已经存在时返回False.<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="获取对象的方法"><a href="#获取对象的方法" class="headerlink" title="获取对象的方法"></a>获取对象的方法</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.all()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.all()[:10] 
#切片操作，获取10个人，不支持负索引，切片可以节约内存<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.get(name=name)
#get是用来获取一个对象的，如果需要获取满足条件的一些人，就要用到filter<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name="abc")  
# 等于Person.objects.filter(name__exact="abc") 名称严格等于 "abc" 的人<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__iexact="abc")  
# 名称为 abc 但是不区分大小写，可以找到 ABC, Abc, aBC，这些都符合条件<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc")  
# 名称中包含 "abc"的人<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__icontains="abc")  
#名称中包含 "abc"，且abc不区分大小写<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__regex="^abc")  # 正则表达式查询<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__iregex="^abc")  # 正则表达式不区分大小写<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>filter是找出满足条件的，当然也有排除符合某条件的</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.exclude(name__contains="WZ") 
# 排除包含 WZ 的Person对象<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc").exclude(age=23)
# 找出名称含有abc, 但是排除年龄是23岁的<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="删除某个对象"><a href="#删除某个对象" class="headerlink" title="删除某个对象"></a>删除某个对象</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc").delete() 
# 删除 名称中包含 "abc"的人
 
如果写成 
people = Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc")
people.delete()
效果也是一样的，Django实际只执行一条 SQL 语句。<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="更新对象"><a href="#更新对象" class="headerlink" title="更新对象"></a>更新对象</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc").update(name='xxx') 
# 名称中包含 "abc"的人 都改成 xxx<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">twz = Author.objects.get(name="WeizhongTu")
twz.name="WeizhongTu"
twz.email="tuweizhong@163.com"
twz.save()  # 最后不要忘了保存！！！<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="迭代对象"><a href="#迭代对象" class="headerlink" title="迭代对象"></a>迭代对象</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">es = Entry.objects.all()
for e in es:
    print(e.headline)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="排序"><a href="#排序" class="headerlink" title="排序"></a>排序</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Author.objects.all().order_by('name')
Author.objects.all().order_by('-name') 
# 在 column name 前加一个负号，可以实现倒序<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="链式查找"><a href="#链式查找" class="headerlink" title="链式查找"></a>链式查找</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Author.objects.filter(name__contains="WeizhongTu").filter(email="tuweizhong@163.com")
Author.objects.filter(name__contains="Wei").exclude(email="tuweizhong@163.com")
 
# 找出名称含有abc, 但是排除年龄是23岁的
Person.objects.filter(name__contains="abc").exclude(age=23)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="其他操作"><a href="#其他操作" class="headerlink" title="其他操作"></a>其他操作</h4><ul>
<li>检查是否有对象</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Entry.objects.all().exists()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>切片操作</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Entry.objects.all()[:10] 取出10条，<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>获取数量</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Entry.objects.count()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>强行列表化</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">list(es) 可以强行将 QuerySet 变成 列表<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>不支持负索引</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">Person.objects.all()[:10] 切片操作，前10条
Person.objects.all()[-10:] 会报错！！！
 
# 1. 使用 reverse() 解决
Person.objects.all().reverse()[:2] # 最后两条
Person.objects.all().reverse()[0] # 最后一条
 
# 2. 使用 order_by，在栏目名（column name）前加一个负号
Author.objects.order_by('-id')[:20] # id最大的20条<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>去重</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">qs1 = Pathway.objects.filter(label__name='x')
qs2 = Pathway.objects.filter(reaction__name='A + B &gt;&gt; C')
qs3 = Pathway.objects.filter(inputer__name='WeizhongTu')
 
# 合并到一起
qs = qs1 | qs2 | qs3
这个时候就有可能出现重复的
 
# 去重方法
qs = qs.distinct()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="admin-py"><a href="#admin-py" class="headerlink" title="admin.py"></a>admin.py</h2><blockquote>
<p>向管理页面中加入应用</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Person

admin.site.register(Person)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="优化后台管理"><a href="#优化后台管理" class="headerlink" title="优化后台管理"></a>优化后台管理</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Book
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
	#显示字段
    list_display = ["name","page_bianhao","zhuangtai","book_bianhao"]
    #过滤器
    list_filter = ["page_bianhao"]
    #搜索器
    search_fields = ["page_bianhao"]
    #分页
    list_per_page = 30
	#改变顺序和分组，二者不可同时使用
    #fields = ["kind_bianhao","name","jianjie"]

    # fieldsets = [
    #     ("num",{"fields":["name","jianjie",'id','image']}),
    #     ("base",{"fields":["page_bianhao","wangpan_tiquma"]}),
    # ]
admin.site.register(Book,BookAdmin)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="Models-p字段详细"><a href="#Models-p字段详细" class="headerlink" title="Models.p字段详细"></a>Models.p字段详细</h4><blockquote>
<p>参考博客：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/SjwFdb_1__1/article/details/106204171">https://blog.csdn.net/SjwFdb_1__1/article/details/106204171</a></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>推荐地址（全面）：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37773766/article/details/80330221">https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37773766/article/details/80330221</a></li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>字段类型</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>AutoField</td>
<td>一个根据实际ID自动增长的IntegerField，通常不指定，如果不指定，将会被<strong>自动创建 一个主键</strong>（django默认创建id）字段将自动添加到模型中</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BigIntegerField</td>
<td>64位大整型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EmailField</td>
<td>邮件格式</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>URLField</td>
<td>特别标记url格式</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>CharField</strong></td>
<td>字符串，默认的表单样式是 TextInput</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TextField</td>
<td>大文本字段，一般超过4000使用，默认的表单控件是 Textarea</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IntegerField</td>
<td>整形</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DecimalField</td>
<td>使用python的Decimal实例 表示十进制浮点数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FloatField</td>
<td>用python的float实例来表示的浮点数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>BooleanField</strong></td>
<td>true/false 字段，此字段的默认表单控制是CheckboxInput</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NullBoolField</td>
<td>支持null、true、false三种值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>DateField</strong></td>
<td>使用Python的Datetime.date实例表示的日期</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TimeField</td>
<td>使用Python的datetime.time实例表示的时间，参数同DateField类似</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DateTimeField</td>
<td>使用Python的datetime，datetime实例表示的日期和时间，参数同DateField类似</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FileField</td>
<td>一个上传文件的字段</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ImageField</td>
<td>继承了FileField的所有属性和方法，但对上传的对象进行校验，确保它是有效的image</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>字段选项</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><strong>null</strong></td>
<td>如果为True，Django将空值以NULL 存储到数据库中，默认值为False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>blank</strong></td>
<td>如果为True，则允许该字段为空白，默认为False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>db_column</td>
<td>字段的名称，如果未指定，则使用属性的名称</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>db_index</td>
<td>若值为True，则在表中会为此字段创建索引</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>default</strong></td>
<td>默认值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>primary_key</strong></td>
<td>若为True，则该字段会成为模型的主键字段</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>unique</strong></td>
<td>如果为True，这个字段在表中必须唯一</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>概述 :通过字段选项，可以实现对字段约束</li>
<li>null是数据库范畴的概念，blank是表单验证范畴的概念</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="model实例"><a href="#model实例" class="headerlink" title="model实例"></a>model实例</h4><ul>
<li>具体实例</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">class Student(models.Model):
    SEX_ITEMS = [
        (1,'男'),
        (2,'女'),
        (0,'未知')
    ]
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128,verbose_name="姓名")
    sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_ITEMS,verbose_name="性别")
    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="Email")
    created_time = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True,editable=False,verbose_name="创建时间")
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="static/images/", verbose_name="图片",null=True,blank=True)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = verbose_name_plural ="学员信息"<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>关键提取</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none"># 一般的字符串
name = models.CharField(max_length=128,verbose_name="姓名")
#可选择
SEX_ITEMS = [
        (1,'男'),
        (2,'女'),
        (0,'未知')
    ]
sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_ITEMS,verbose_name="性别")
#电子邮件
email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="Email")
#时间
created_time = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True,editable=False,verbose_name="创建时间")
# 上传图片
image = models.ImageField(upload_to="static/images/", verbose_name="图片",null=True,blank=True)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="主键的使用"><a href="#主键的使用" class="headerlink" title="主键的使用"></a>主键的使用</h4><p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210207022621.png"></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">class Maker(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    country = models.CharField(max_length=10)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class PModel(models.Model):
    maker = models.ForeignKey(Maker,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    url = models.URLField(default="http://baidu.com")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Product(models.Model):
    pmodel = models.ForeignKey(PModel,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    nickname = models.CharField(max_length=15,default="超值二手")
    descirption = models.CharField(default="暂无说明")
    year = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=2016)
    price = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.nickname
    
class PPhoto(models.Model):
    product = models.ForeignKey(Product,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    description = models.CharField(max_length=20,default="商品照片")
    url = models.URLField(default="http://baido.com")
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.description
    <span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li><strong>ForeignKey</strong>是外来键，负责指向另一张表格的主键，表示这个表格是一副另一个表格的</li>
<li>models.CASCADE：当被参照物删除时，此参照物也一起执行删除</li>
<li>models.PROTECT：禁止删除并且产生错误</li>
<li>models.SET_NULL:把外来键设置为null，但要设置可接受null规则</li>
<li>models.SET_DEFAULT:把外来键设定为预设值，但要先设定预设值</li>
<li>models.DO_NOTHING:什么事情都不做</li>
</ul>

                
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